This book provides an accessible guide to concepts in language testing and the testing of specific skills and systems. It combines theory and practical recommendations to help teachers understand the principles of testing and how they can be applied, supporting them to write better tests. The third edition has been extensively revised and updated to reflect recent developments in the field, while retaining the straightforward approach that made the earlier editions essential reading for trainee and experienced teachers alike. It features new content on technology, including computer adaptive testing and the use of automated scoring for all skills. It also includes an extended discussion of language testers' responsibilities, new chapters on non-testing methods of assessment and a checklist to help teachers choose tests.

English Accents and Dialects is an essential guide to contemporary social and regional varieties of English spoken in the British Isles today. Together with invaluable overviews of numerous regional accents and dialects, this fifth edition provides a detailed description of key features of Received Pronounciation (RP) as well as several major non-standard varieties of English.
Key features:

• main regional differences are followed by a survey of speech in over 20 areas of the UK and Ireland, audio samples of which are available to download at www.routledge.com/cw/hughes
• recent findings on London English, Aberdeen English and Liverpool English
• contains new entries on Hull, Manchester, Carlisle, Middlesbrough, Southampton, London West Indian, Lancashire and the Shetlands
• additional exercises with answers online accompany the new varieties
• clear maps throughout for locating particular accents and dialects.

This combination of reference manual and practical guide makes this fifth edition of English Accents and Dialects a highly useful resource providing a comprehensive and contemporary coverage of speech in the UK and Ireland today.

This illustrated book, first published in 1936, is an edited compilation of source material drawn from some 145 diverse naval documents covering a period of more than three centuries from 1497 to 1805. The editors' intention was to smooth the approach to a highly technical subject, and to use original documents to give concrete illustrations of the limiting conditions of sea warfare, thus removing some common misconceptions such as that the big Spanish ships of the Armada were defeated by cockleshells manned by volunteers. Subjects include the seaworthiness of ships in Elizabethan times; Drake's views on strategy; sea punishments; Kempenfelt's 1782 design for a signal book; victuals; the battle of Kentish Knock (1562); the 1803 defences against invasion; Nelson's watch off Toulon; the coppering of ships; and many other topics giving insights into the history and development of the British navy.

English Accents and Dialects is an essential guide to contemporary social and regional varieties of English spoken in the British Isles today. Together with invaluable overviews of numerous regional accents and dialects, this fifth edition provides a detailed description of key features of Received Pronounciation (RP) as well as several major non-standard varieties of English. Key features: main regional differences are followed by a survey of speech in over 20 areas of the UK and Ireland, audio samples of which are available to download at www.routledge.com/cw/hughes recent findings on London English, Aberdeen English and Liverpool English contains new entries on Hull, Manchester, Carlisle, Middlesbrough, Southampton, London West Indian, Lancashire and the Shetlands additional exercises with answers online accompany the new varieties clear maps throughout for locating particular accents and dialects. This combination of reference manual and practical guide makes this fifth edition of English Accents and Dialects a highly useful resource providing a comprehensive and contemporary coverage of speech in the UK and Ireland today.

Amours de Voyage (1849) is a novel in verse and is arranged in five cantos, or chapters, as a sequence of letters. It is about a group of English travellers in Italy: Claude, and the Trevellyn family, are caught up in the 1849 political turmoil. The poem mixes the political ('Sweet it may be, and decorous, perhaps, for the country to die; but,/On the whole, we conclude the Romans won't do it, and I sha'n't') and the personal ('After all, do I know that I really cared so about her?/Do whatever I will, I cannot call up her image'). The political is important - hence the Persephone edition reproduces nine London Illustrated News drawings of the battlefront - but the personal dilemmas are the crucial ones. Claude, about to declare himself, retreats, then regrets his failure to speak. It is this retreat, his scruples and fastidiousness, that, like a conventional novel, is the core of Amours de Voyage. The poem thus contributed something important to the modern sensibility; it is a portrait of an anti-hero; it is about love and marriage (the difficulties of); and it is about Italy. Clough wrote to his mother: 'St Peter's disappoints me: the stone of which it is made is a poor plastery material; and indeed, Rome in general might be called a rubbishy place - The weather has not been very brilliant.' As Julian Barnes points out in his new Persephone Preface: 'If you want a one-word introduction to the tone, sensibility and modernity of Arthur Hugh Clough, you have it in that single, italicised (by him, not me) word: rubbishy.' Clough was unimpressed by Rome and so is his hero, Claude, 'a very unGrand Tourist'. 'What his friend Arnold perceived to be the weaknesses of Clough's poetry,' continues Julian Barnes, 'are precisely what over time have come to seem its strengths - a prosey colloquiality which at times verges on awkwardness, a preference for honesty and sarcasm over suavity and tact, a direct criticism of modern life, a naming of things as themselves. It is absolutely contemporary...It is also a highly contemplative and argumentative poem, about history, civilisation and the individual's duty to act. And it is, as the title tells us, a love story - or, this being Clough, a sort of modern, near-miss, almost-but-not-quite love story ( I am in love you say; I do not think so, exactlyA") with mismatching, misunderstanding, tortuous self- searching, and a mad, hopeful, hopeless pursuit leading us to a kind of ending.'

This volume represents a selection of some of the best poetry by Arthur Hugh Clough (1810-61). Detailed annotation provides the modern reader with the intellectual, cultural and historical information necessary for a full appreciation of the poet's work. The poems selected span Clough's entire career, with the main focus on his two most important poems, Amours de Voyage and Dipsychus and the Spirit. These poems are discussed at length in the critical introduction and are prefaced by substantial headnotes elucidating their historical background and literary antecedents. Providing a wealth of information about the poet and the context of his work, this volume represents a substantial contribution to the subject in its own right, as well as being essential reading for all students of nineteenth-century literature.

This volume represents a selection of some of the best poetry by Arthur Hugh Clough (1810-61). Detailed annotation provides the modern reader with the intellectual, cultural and historical information necessary for a full appreciation of the poet's work. The poems selected span Clough's entire career, with the main focus on his two most important poems, Amours de Voyage and Dipsychus and the Spirit. These poems are discussed at length in the critical introduction and are prefaced by substantial headnotes elucidating their historical background and literary antecedents. Providing a wealth of information about the poet and the context of his work, this volume represents a substantial contribution to the subject in its own right, as well as being essential reading for all students of nineteenth-century literature.

A little princess is protected by her friend Curdie from the goblin miners who live beneath the castle.

First published in 1959 as the second edition of a 1934 original, this book describes the Western history of embryology from prehistoric concepts of foetal growth through Graeco-Roman antiquity to the close of the eighteenth century. The text is illustrated with plates and diagrams showing the development of scientific understanding over time, first through artistic representations of gestation and later through scientific drawings and sketches. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of medicine.

This is a second edition of this classic text on language testing. Over the years the first edition has established itself as a core text on many ESL teacher training programs. There is no other text that is as comprehensive and accessible as Testing for Language Teachers. All of the chapters for this second edition have been revised and updated. It also has new chapters on tests for young learners and testing overall ability, as well as new and accessible appendices on statistical analysis and item banking. No other book on language testing covers the areas that all language teachers need to know when testing their students' language skills.

Presents a wide variety of linguistic examples to demonstrate the use of statistics in summarizing data appropriately. The range of techniques introduced will help readers to evaluate and use literature employing statistical analysis, and to apply statistics in their own research.

Princess Irene lives in a castle in a wild and lonely mountainous region. One day she discovers a steep and winding stairway leading to a bewildering labyrinth of unused passages with closed doors - and a further stairway. What lies at the top? Can the ring the princess is given protect her against the lurking menace of the goblins from under the mountain?

Asked what problems most perplexed "young men at present" Arthur Hugh Clough (1819-1861) replied "a growing sense of discrepancy". His wry and wise poetry explores the tensions of a time of radical changes in the religious, political and literary landscape. He had a sharp eye for absurdity. Clough was a writer of wide interests and liberal sympathies, vividly idiomatic and sensuous, delighting in the detail and variety of everyday life. His technical dexterity is a delight: the poems encompass satire and lyric, dialogue, plot and contemporary reference. His narrative poem "The Bothie of Tober-Na-Vuolich" and the epistolary "Amours de Voyage" have the momentum and social precision of novels, capturing a precise image of the Victorian world of the 1840s. This volume includes a selection of the full range of Clough's poetry, with a detailed introduction and annotations by Shirley Chew.

Presents a wide variety of linguistic examples to demonstrate the use of statistics in summarizing data appropriately. The range of techniques introduced will help readers to evaluate and use literature employing statistical analysis, and to apply statistics in their own research.